Which statement correctly describes the relationship between normal distributions, the Empirical Rule, and kurtosis concerning risk management?

The relationship between normal distributions, the Empirical Rule, and kurtosis is central to understanding risk management, particularly in the context of assessing the behavior and characteristics of data samples.

Kurtosis refers to the "tailedness" of a probability distribution, indicating the presence of outliers. A data sample with low kurtosis means that the distribution has lighter tails and is generally more concentrated around the mean, which typically indicates that the values are closer to the average; therefore, it is reasonable to associate low kurtosis with a smaller standard deviation. In risk management, a smaller standard deviation suggests less variability and lower risk, making investments or data more predictable.

Conversely, high kurtosis indicates a distribution with heavier tails, suggesting a greater likelihood of extreme values, which would lead to a larger standard deviation and increased risk.

In the context of the Empirical Rule, which states that for a normal distribution, approximately 68% of data falls within one standard deviation from the mean, 95% within two standard deviations, and nearly all (99.7%) within three, having low kurtosis meshes well with a smaller standard deviation, contributing to a tighter data clustering around the mean, consistent with lower risk scenarios.

Thus, identifying that a data